下图所示,机器人和障碍物直接距离:




可以看到如果是单线雷达,这种测距和传感器安装的位置密切相关。


chatgpt:

ROS2机器人的COMPUTATION GRAPH概念是指,通过构建一个图形结构,将机器人的计算任务分解成一系列的可执行步骤。其特点是具有易于理解、可扩展性强的特性,可以有效地提高机器人的计算性能。它的应用可以帮助机器人实现自主操作、自主导航等功能。

ROS2机器人激光测距系统的计算图是一种用于检测和定位物体的技术。它可以利用激光雷达发射的脉冲,经过反射后再次接收,从而测量物体到激光雷达的距离。它通常由一个传感器,一个处理器,一个控制器和一个软件组成,它们可以在ROS2机器人系统中实现自动控制和导航。

书中给出的图示:




使用rqt工具获取,与此一致:




测得距离等,成功会有一组数据显示。

例如,turtlebot




例如,tiago




检测障碍物:




加个箭头→标记:







绘制 “base_footprint”, “detected_obstacle”:


  1. // Copyright 2021 Intelligent Robotics Lab
    //
    // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
    // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
    // You may obtain a copy of the License at
    //
    //     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
    //
    // Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
    // distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
    // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
    // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
    // limitations under the License.
     
    #include <tf2/transform_datatypes.h>
    #include <tf2/LinearMath/Quaternion.h>
     
    #include <memory>
     
    #include "br2_tf2_detector/ObstacleMonitorNode.hpp"
     
    #include "geometry_msgs/msg/transform_stamped.hpp"
     
    #include "tf2_geometry_msgs/tf2_geometry_msgs.hpp"
     
    #include "rclcpp/rclcpp.hpp"
     
    namespace br2_tf2_detector
    {
     
    using namespace std::chrono_literals;
     
    ObstacleMonitorNode::ObstacleMonitorNode()
    : Node("obstacle_monitor"),
      tf_buffer_(),
      tf_listener_(tf_buffer_)
    {
      marker_pub_ = create_publisher<visualization_msgs::msg::Marker>("obstacle_marker", 1);
     
      timer_ = create_wall_timer(
        500ms, std::bind(&ObstacleMonitorNode::control_cycle, this));
    }
     
    void
    ObstacleMonitorNode::control_cycle()
    {
      geometry_msgs::msg::TransformStamped robot2obstacle;
     
      try {
        robot2obstacle = tf_buffer_.lookupTransform(
          "base_footprint", "detected_obstacle", tf2::TimePointZero);
      } catch (tf2::TransformException & ex) {
        RCLCPP_WARN(get_logger(), "Obstacle transform not found: %s", ex.what());
        return;
      }
     
      double x = robot2obstacle.transform.translation.x;
      double y = robot2obstacle.transform.translation.y;
      double z = robot2obstacle.transform.translation.z;
      double theta = atan2(y, x);
     
      RCLCPP_INFO(
        get_logger(), "Obstacle detected at (%lf m, %lf m, , %lf m) = %lf rads",
        x, y, z, theta);
     
      visualization_msgs::msg::Marker obstacle_arrow;
      obstacle_arrow.header.frame_id = "base_footprint";
      obstacle_arrow.header.stamp = now();
      obstacle_arrow.type = visualization_msgs::msg::Marker::ARROW;
      obstacle_arrow.action = visualization_msgs::msg::Marker::ADD;
      obstacle_arrow.lifetime = rclcpp::Duration(1s);
     
      geometry_msgs::msg::Point start;
      start.x = 0.0;
      start.y = 0.0;
      start.z = 0.0;
      geometry_msgs::msg::Point end;
      end.x = x;
      end.y = y;
      end.z = z;
      obstacle_arrow.points = {start, end};
     
      obstacle_arrow.color.r = 1.0;
      obstacle_arrow.color.g = 0.0;
      obstacle_arrow.color.b = 0.0;
      obstacle_arrow.color.a = 1.0;
     
      obstacle_arrow.scale.x = 0.02;
      obstacle_arrow.scale.y = 0.1;
      obstacle_arrow.scale.z = 0.1;
     
     
      marker_pub_->publish(obstacle_arrow);
    }
     
    }  // namespace br2_tf2_detector

生成tf-detected_obstacle:


  1. // Copyright 2021 Intelligent Robotics Lab
    //
    // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
    // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
    // You may obtain a copy of the License at
    //
    //     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
    //
    // Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
    // distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
    // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
    // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
    // limitations under the License.
     
    #include <memory>
     
    #include "br2_tf2_detector/ObstacleDetectorNode.hpp"
     
    #include "sensor_msgs/msg/laser_scan.hpp"
    #include "geometry_msgs/msg/transform_stamped.hpp"
     
    #include "rclcpp/rclcpp.hpp"
     
    namespace br2_tf2_detector
    {
     
    using std::placeholders::_1;
     
    ObstacleDetectorNode::ObstacleDetectorNode()
    : Node("obstacle_detector")
    {
      scan_sub_ = create_subscription<sensor_msgs::msg::LaserScan>(
        "input_scan", rclcpp::SensorDataQoS(),
        std::bind(&ObstacleDetectorNode::scan_callback, this, _1));
     
      tf_broadcaster_ = std::make_shared<tf2_ros::StaticTransformBroadcaster>(*this);
    }
     
    void
    ObstacleDetectorNode::scan_callback(sensor_msgs::msg::LaserScan::UniquePtr msg)
    {
      double dist = msg->ranges[msg->ranges.size() / 2];
     
      if (!std::isinf(dist)) {
        geometry_msgs::msg::TransformStamped detection_tf;
     
        detection_tf.header = msg->header;
        detection_tf.child_frame_id = "detected_obstacle";
        detection_tf.transform.translation.x = msg->ranges[msg->ranges.size() / 2];
     
        tf_broadcaster_->sendTransform(detection_tf);
      }
    }
     
    }  // namespace br2_tf2_detector

scan重命名等:


  1. # Copyright 2021 Intelligent Robotics Lab
    #
    # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
    # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
    # You may obtain a copy of the License at
    #
    #     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
    #
    # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
    # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
    # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
    # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
    # limitations under the License.
     
    from launch import LaunchDescription
    from launch_ros.actions import Node
     
     
    def generate_launch_description():
        detector_cmd = Node(package='br2_tf2_detector',
                            executable='detector',
                            output='screen',
                            parameters=[{
                                'use_sim_time': True
                            }],
                            remappings=[
                                ('input_scan', '/scan_raw')
                            ])
     
        ld = LaunchDescription()
        ld.add_action(detector_cmd)
     
        return ld

remappings=[

(‘input_scan’, ‘/scan_raw’)

])

可以依据具体主题名称进行调整。

chatgpt:


要使用激光雷达数据,首先需要将激光雷达连接到你的机器人。然后,可以通过ROS2中的ROS2话题进行数据传输。激光雷达生成的数据通常是PointCloud2消息类型,该消息类型包含三维点的坐标信息。

接下来,可以通过创建一个ROS2节点来订阅并处理激光雷达生成的数据。您可以使用ROS2提供的函数,例如subscribe()和callback(),在该节点中实现这一点。回调函数可以访问接收到的数据,并对其进行处理。

最后,可以使用ROS2提供的函数,例如publish(),在该节点中发布处理后的数据,以便其他节点可以访问。

总而言之,使用ROS2中的激光雷达数据需要以下步骤:

连接激光雷达到机器人

通过ROS2话题传输数据

创建ROS2节点订阅和处理数据

在该节点中发布处理后的数据。



使用 ROS2 中的 tf2 库可以方便地处理坐标变换,包括平移和旋转。首先,需要安装 ROS2 中的 tf2 库,然后在代码中引入 tf2 的头文件。

接下来,需要创建一个 tf2 的 TransformBroadcaster 对象,它将负责广播坐标变换的数据。可以使用 TransformBroadcaster 对象的 sendTransform 函数来广播坐标变换的数据。

sendTransform 函数需要传入一些参数,例如:变换的时间戳、变换的原点坐标、变换的目标坐标、变换的平移量和旋转量。

最后,可以使用 tf2 的 TransformListener 对象来订阅坐标变换的数据。TransformListener 对象可以帮助计算从一个坐标系到另一个坐标系的变换。

以上是 ROS2 中使用 tf2 处理坐标数据的一般流程。详细的示例代码可以在 ROS2 官方文档中找到。